Anaemia is characterised by a drop in the haemoglobin level in the blood, resulting in insufficient oxygenation of the body. Anaemia is more common in children and pregnant women, and is particularly associated with tiredness and a feeling of weakness. It can have multiple causes, which is why it is essential to consult a doctor to determine the appropriate treatment.
Anaemia: definition, symptoms and causes
Anaemia is caused by an abnormal reduction in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes), which are responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. If you suffer from anaemia, your physical capacity is directly affected.
The symptoms of anaemia vary according to its severity. They include:
- pale skin, weakness
- headaches, dizziness, confusion
- palpitations, shortness of breath
- low blood pressure, cold hands and feet
If you suffer from one or more of these symptoms, consult a doctor as soon as possible to determine the cause of your anaemia and recommend the treatment best suited to your state of health.
Anaemia can have many causes. Nutritional deficiencies are a frequent cause, in particular a lack of iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid. Abnormal blood loss (gastrointestinal ulcers, heavy menstrual bleeding, etc.) is another possible cause. Finally, haemoglobinopathies (genetic abnormalities of haemoglobin) and infectious diseases such as malaria or tuberculosis can also cause a drop in red blood cell count. The advice of a haematologist is recommended for these forms of anaemia.
How is anaemia treated?
Anaemia is diagnosed by measuring the haemoglobin level in the blood. Depending on the type of anaemia, further tests may be carried out to determine the underlying cause. Iron deficiency anaemia, or anaemia resulting from a lack of iron, is the most common form. Treatment generally consists of supplementing the diet with iron supplements to make up for the deficiency, and then restoring the body's iron reserves.
For certain forms of severe anaemia, the doctor may consider intravenous treatment: iron is administered by infusion into the vein, either in hospital or in a clinic. Sometimes several infusions are needed to make up the iron deficiency. The doctor will monitor the progress of your anaemia to ensure that the iron is properly absorbed by the body, and will adjust the treatment if any side effects occur. In general, an improvement is visible after a few weeks. Regular blood tests are carried out to modify the treatment if necessary.
FAQ
Which iron-rich foods should I choose?
Iron-rich foods help prevent and treat iron-deficiency anaemia. Haem iron (from animal sources) is the form of iron that is best absorbed. Foods rich in iron include :
- liver, blood sausage, red meat, poultry, fish and seafood
- legumes (soya beans, flageolets, lentils, chickpeas)
- wheat bran, nuts, seeds, enriched cereals and dried fruit.
Our advice: You can supplement your meals with foods rich in vitamin C, such as citrus fruit, peppers or strawberries. These enhance the absorption of non-haem iron, which is present in most foods.
What are the risks of anaemia?
The risks associated with anaemia depend on its severity, duration and underlying causes. Iron-deficiency anaemia can affect cognitive and motor development in children, and lead to growth or weight problems. In adults, it can affect productivity. In rare cases, anaemia can lead to heart or vascular complications, and increase the risk of complications during pregnancy, such as premature delivery and low birth weight.
How long does it take to recover from anaemia?
Recovery from anaemia varies according to its cause and the speed of treatment. Iron-deficiency anaemia improves in a few weeks, but treatment can take several months to replenish the body's iron reserves. In the case of anaemia linked to chronic illnesses or bone marrow disorders, progress depends on treatment of the underlying pathology. Your anaemia can be monitored by regular check-ups.
What is pernicious anaemia?
Pernicious anaemia, also known as Biermer's disease, is caused by a disorder in the absorption of vitamin B12.
What is aplastic anaemia?
Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a rare disease affecting haematopoietic stem cells, which do not produce enough blood elements. It can be caused by various factors: certain drugs, chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments, chemical agents or viral infections. Diagnosis is based on bone marrow tests.
What is sickle cell anaemia?
Sickle cell anaemia, also known as sickle cell anaemia, is a genetic disease associated with haemoglobin abnormalities. It is particularly widespread in certain African countries, and can lead to serious complications.
Key facts
Anemia is a common condition with a variety of causes, requiring a precise diagnosis in order to define the appropriate treatment. A balanced diet, rich in essential nutrients, contributes to its prevention and often to its treatment. In the case of severe anaemia, treatments are available and sometimes have to be administered intravenously.